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<TD ALIGN=RIGHT VALIGN=BOTTOM WIDTH=50%><FONT SIZE=-1>( <STRONG>1</STRONG></FONT> <FONT SIZE=-2>of</FONT> <STRONG><FONT SIZE=-1>1</STRONG> )</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE>
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<TABLE WIDTH="100%">
<TR>	<TD ALIGN="LEFT" WIDTH="50%"><B>United States Patent </B></TD>
	<TD ALIGN="RIGHT" WIDTH="50%"><B><A Name=h1 HREF=#h0></A><A  HREF=#h2></A><B><I></I></B>6,500,061</B></TD>
</TR>
<TR><TD ALIGN="LEFT" WIDTH="50%"><b>
 Ambrose
 </B>
</TD>
<TD ALIGN="RIGHT" WIDTH="50%"> <B>
December 31, 2002
</B></TD>
</TR>
</TABLE>
<HR>
<font size="+1"> Tilting hood ventilator
</font><BR>
<BR><CENTER><B>Abstract</B></CENTER>
<P>A roof ventilator comprises a duct 1 having a symmetrical hood 3 supported
     at its apex 4 by bearing 10. In the absence of wind, hood 3 is spaced from
     the upper end 2 of duct 1 with its depending skirt 6 surrounding upper end
     2 However, wind from any direction causes the hood to tilt so that skirt 6
     is lowered on the windward side thus increasing the ventilation rate and
     thus positioning hood 3 to deflect wind and wind-borne material from the
     ventilator opening.
</P>
<HR>
<TABLE WIDTH="100%"> <TR><TD VALIGN="TOP" ALIGN="LEFT" WIDTH="10%">Inventors: </TD><TD ALIGN="LEFT" WIDTH="90%">
 <B>Ambrose; Wallace Raymond</B> (Garran ACT 2605, <B>AU</B>) </TD></TR><TR><TD VALIGN="TOP" ALIGN="LEFT" WIDTH="10%" NOWRAP>Appl. No.:
</TD><TD ALIGN="LEFT" WIDTH="90%">                    
<B> 10/131,427</B></TD></TR>
  <TR><TD VALIGN="TOP" ALIGN="LEFT" WIDTH="10%">Filed:
  </TD><TD ALIGN="LEFT" WIDTH="90%">                    
  <B>April 24, 2002</B></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<HR>
<CENTER><B>Foreign Application Priority Data</B></CENTER> <HR align=center width="30%"> <TABLE WIDTH="100%"> <TR><TD></TD><TD></TD><TD></TD><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> <TR><TD align="center">
Oct 12, 2001
[AU]</TD><TD></TD><TD></TD><TD align='left'>
8216</TD></TR><TR><TD align=center>

</TD>
</TR> </TABLE>
<p>
<TABLE WIDTH="100%">
  <TR><TD VALIGN=TOP ALIGN="LEFT" WIDTH="40%"><B>Current U.S. Class:</B></TD>
  <TD VALIGN=TOP ALIGN="RIGHT" WIDTH="80%"><B>454/9</B>  ; 454/11; 52/198</TD></TR>
  <TR><TD VALIGN=TOP ALIGN="LEFT" WIDTH="40%"><B>Current International Class: </B></TD>
  <TD VALIGN=TOP ALIGN="RIGHT" WIDTH="80%">F24F 7/02&nbsp(20060101); F23L 017/04&nbsp()</TD></TR>
  <TR><TD VALIGN=TOP ALIGN="LEFT" WIDTH="40%"><B>Field of Search: </B></TD>
  <TD ALIGN="RIGHT" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH="80%">
  





 454/20,15,9,5 52/198,199
  </TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<HR><CENTER><B>References Cited  <a href="/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2Fsearch-adv.htm&r=0&f=S&l=50&d=PALL&Query=ref/6500061">[Referenced By]</A></B></CENTER><HR>
<CENTER><b>U.S. Patent Documents</b></CENTER>
<TABLE WIDTH="100%"> <TR><TD WIDTH="33%"></TD><TD WIDTH="33%"></TD><TD WIDTH="34%"></TD></TR> <TR> <TD ALIGN="left">
<a href="/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect2=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-bool.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&d=PALL&RefSrch=yes&Query=PN%2F0109081">109081</a></TD><TD align =left>
November 1870</TD><TD align=left>
Van Deventer</TD></TR><TR><TD align=left>
<a href="/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect2=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-bool.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&d=PALL&RefSrch=yes&Query=PN%2F0832188">832188</a></TD><TD align =left>
October 1906</TD><TD align=left>
Hall</TD></TR><TR><TD align=left>
<a href="/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect2=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-bool.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&d=PALL&RefSrch=yes&Query=PN%2F1420141">1420141</a></TD><TD align =left>
June 1922</TD><TD align=left>
Pennington</TD></TR><TR><TD align=left>
<a href="/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect2=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-bool.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&d=PALL&RefSrch=yes&Query=PN%2F1533344">1533344</a></TD><TD align =left>
April 1925</TD><TD align=left>
Singleton</TD></TR><TR><TD align=left>
<a href="/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect2=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-bool.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&d=PALL&RefSrch=yes&Query=PN%2F1638738">1638738</a></TD><TD align =left>
August 1927</TD><TD align=left>
Lichty et al.</TD></TR><TR><TD align=left>
<a href="/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect2=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-bool.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&d=PALL&RefSrch=yes&Query=PN%2F2214183">2214183</a></TD><TD align =left>
September 1940</TD><TD align=left>
Seymour</TD></TR><TR><TD align=left>
<a href="/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect2=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-bool.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&d=PALL&RefSrch=yes&Query=PN%2F2529491">2529491</a></TD><TD align =left>
November 1950</TD><TD align=left>
Gadzuk</TD></TR><TR><TD align=left>
<a href="/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect2=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-bool.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&d=PALL&RefSrch=yes&Query=PN%2F2601423">2601423</a></TD><TD align =left>
June 1952</TD><TD align=left>
Allman et al.</TD></TR><TR><TD align=left>
<a href="/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect2=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-bool.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&d=PALL&RefSrch=yes&Query=PN%2F2875678">2875678</a></TD><TD align =left>
March 1959</TD><TD align=left>
Shepherd</TD></TR><TR><TD align=left>
<a href="/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect2=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-bool.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&d=PALL&RefSrch=yes&Query=PN%2F2923225">2923225</a></TD><TD align =left>
February 1960</TD><TD align=left>
Massey</TD></TR><TR><TD align=left>
<a href="/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect2=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-bool.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&d=PALL&RefSrch=yes&Query=PN%2F3742659">3742659</a></TD><TD align =left>
July 1973</TD><TD align=left>
Drew</TD></TR><TR><TD align=left>
<a href="/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect2=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-bool.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&d=PALL&RefSrch=yes&Query=PN%2F3942422">3942422</a></TD><TD align =left>
March 1976</TD><TD align=left>
Kawai et al.</TD></TR><TR><TD align=left>
<a href="/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect2=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-bool.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&d=PALL&RefSrch=yes&Query=PN%2F4287816">4287816</a></TD><TD align =left>
September 1981</TD><TD align=left>
Riccard</TD></TR><TR><TD align=left>
<a href="/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect2=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-bool.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&d=PALL&RefSrch=yes&Query=PN%2F4535715">4535715</a></TD><TD align =left>
August 1985</TD><TD align=left>
McIntosh</TD></TR><TR><TD align=left>
<a href="/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect2=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-bool.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&d=PALL&RefSrch=yes&Query=PN%2F4593610">4593610</a></TD><TD align =left>
June 1986</TD><TD align=left>
Chabot</TD></TR><TR><TD align=left>
<a href="/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect2=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-bool.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&d=PALL&RefSrch=yes&Query=PN%2F4671171">4671171</a></TD><TD align =left>
June 1987</TD><TD align=left>
Brill</TD></TR><TR><TD align=left>
<a href="/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect2=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-bool.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&d=PALL&RefSrch=yes&Query=PN%2F4989503">4989503</a></TD><TD align =left>
February 1991</TD><TD align=left>
Shank</TD></TR><TR><TD align=left>
<a href="/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect2=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-bool.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&d=PALL&RefSrch=yes&Query=PN%2F5248278">5248278</a></TD><TD align =left>
September 1993</TD><TD align=left>
Fuerst et al.</TD></TR><TR><TD align=left>
<a href="/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect2=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-bool.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&d=PALL&RefSrch=yes&Query=PN%2F5498205">5498205</a></TD><TD align =left>
March 1996</TD><TD align=left>
Knowles et al.</TD></TR><TR><TD align=left>
<a href="/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect2=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-bool.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&d=PALL&RefSrch=yes&Query=PN%2F5766071">5766071</a></TD><TD align =left>
June 1998</TD><TD align=left>
Kirkwood</TD></TR><TR><TD align=left>

</TD>
</TR> </TABLE>  <I>Primary Examiner:</I>  Boles; Derek
<BR>
  <I>Attorney, Agent or Firm:</I> <coma><coma>Frommer Lawrence & Haug, LLP
Santucci; Ronald R.
<BR>
<HR>
<CENTER><B><I>Claims</B></I></CENTER> <HR> <BR><BR>I claim:<BR><BR>1.  A ventilator for a structure enclosing a confined space, said ventilator comprising a duct adapted to be mounted in a substantially upright position having an open upper end exposed
to the atmosphere and a lower end communicating with the confined space, a substantially symmetrical hood having a base located substantially at the apex of the hood and a skirt fixed to the base and depending therefrom, a socket in the base opening on
the under side thereof, a rigid support having a lower end connected to said duct and an upper end, a bearing fixed to the upper end of the support and seated in the socket so that the base of the hood is supported in a position spaced above the upper
end of the duct with the depending skirt surrounding the upper end of the duct, the arrangement being such that, in the absence of wind, the hood is spaced from the duct and, in the presence of wind from any direction, the hood is tilted by the wind so
that the skirt is lowered on the windward side thus increasing the ventilation rate and thus positioning the hood to deflect wind and wind-borne material from the ventilator opening.
<BR><BR>2.  A ventilator as claimed in claim 1, wherein the bearing is substantially spherical and is seated in a substantially spherical socket.
<BR><BR>3.  A ventilator as claimed in claim 1, wherein the rigid support is firmly attached to the inner surface of the duct.
<BR><BR>4.  A ventilator as claimed in claim 1, wherein the rigid support is mounted within the duct so as to be capable of substantially vertical movement so that the hood may be lowered onto the upper end of the duct to close the ventilator duct.<HR>
<CENTER><B><I> Description</B></I></CENTER> <HR> <BR><BR>FIELD OF INVENTION
<BR><BR>The invention relates to ventilation to control temperature, humidity and air quality in confined spaces.  Ventilation of confined spaces involves movement of fresh air thereto and removal of vitiated air therefrom.  A confined space to which the
invention applies may be a room or an attic in a domestic building, an area in a farm building for storing produce or accommodating animals, a workspace in an industrial establishment, in an underground formation such as a mine or tunnel or in a road,
rail or water vehicle.  The air in such confined spaces may be spoiled because of depletion of the oxygen content of the air and/or due to the presence of odours, noxious gases, smoke, dust and the like.
<BR><BR>BACKGROUND OF INVENTION
<BR><BR>Ventilation apparatus for this purpose is well known and many systems such as powered, wind-assisted and convective arrangement have been proposed.  To achieve effective circulation of air, the inlet for fresh air has generally been located at a
lower level than the outlet for spoiled air which has usually been at ceiling or roof level.  Commonly, the outlet has been a roof ventilator comprising a substantially vertical shaft or duct passing through the roof of the structure enclosing the
confined space or mounted adjacent to the roof As the open top end of the duct is exposed to atmosphere, it has usually been provided with a cap or canopy which does not impede the outflow of air from the duct but provides some protection from
atmospheric deposits such as rain and snow entering the duct and passing to the confined space.  However, wind-borne dust, rain, spray and snow can still pass under the cap and into the duct and pass to the confined space, even when some wind-assisted
devices such as turbine ventilators are installed.
<BR><BR>DESCRIPTION OF PRIOR ART
<BR><BR>There have been some prior proposals intended to avoid wind driven rain and other material entering the ventilating opening in the roof of a structure.  There are also some prior wind directed devices for ventilators and chimneys.
<BR><BR>In U.S.  Pat.  No. 4,989,503 (Shank), there is disclosed a wind-directed roof ventilator comprising a hood covering an elongated opening in the roof of a farm building.  The hood is pivotally mounted and is capable of side-to-side movement to two
oppositely located limit positions by means of a drive motor controlled by a wind-directed-responsive vane mechanism.  In the event of particular wind directions, the position of the hood is varied to minimize the risk of wind-driven rain from entering
the ventilating opening.
<BR><BR>U.S.  Pat.  No. 1,420,141 (Pennington) discloses a flue hood for preventing back draft and the entry of rain to the flue.  A V-shaped hood is pivotally mounted above the flue opening and is adapted to oscillate about a horizontal axis to cover
and uncover opposite sides of the flue.  Wind pressure actuated means causes the hood to tilt to cover the side of the flue to windward.
<BR><BR>U.S.  Pat.  No. 4,593,610 (Chabot) discloses a wind directed automatic damper for a chimney flue designed to keep constant the chimney draft despite varying wind velocity and direction.
<BR><BR>U.S.  Pat.  No. 2,601,423 (Allman et al) discloses a roof ventilator for exhausting air from a building.  The ventilator has a cap and baffles intended to prevent wind or wind driven rain or snow from entering the building through the ventilator
and a movable damper blade to control exhaustion of air from the building.
<BR><BR>U.S.  Pat.  No. 5,498,205 (Knowles et al) discloses a roof ventilator having exhaust ports in opposite vertical sides and deflecting baffles to allow air and fumes from the interior of the building to be exhausted generally horizontally while
preventing wind driven rain, snow and like from entering the building through the ventilator.  An air control baffle is provided to control the exhaust.
<BR><BR>U.S.  Pat.  No 2,923,225 (Massey) discloses a roof ventilator for a building.  The ventilator is of generally rectangular cross-section and has downwardly facing exhaust ports in opposite sides and a damper blade for controlling the flow of air
from the building.
<BR><BR>U.S.  Pat.  No. 2,214,183 (Seymour) discloses a roof ventilator, extending along a roof ridge, with curved baffles forming downwardly facing exhaust ports on opposite sides of the ridge.
<BR><BR>DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
<BR><BR>It is an object of the invention to provide a roof ventilator having a tilting hood which is designed to operate as a combined wind assisted and convective ventilator that avoids the ingress of wind and wind-borne material.
<BR><BR>The roof ventilator of the invention is simple in operation in that it requires the hood of the ventilator to be mounted on a single pivot bearing allowing the hood to tilt away from the wind thus increasing the ventilation rate due to the
suction caused by wind flowing around the hood and thus positioning the hood to deflect wind and wind-borne material from the ventilator opening irrespective of wind direction.  The invention provides a tilting hood ventilator which is simple in
construction with few moving parts.
<BR><BR>In accordance with the invention, a ventilator for a structure enclosing a confined space comprises a duct adapted to be mounted in a substantially upright position having an open upper end exposed to the atmosphere and a lower end communicating
with the confined space, a substantially symmetrical hood having a base located substantially at the apex of the hood and a skirt fixed to the base and depending therefrom, a socket in the base opening on the underside thereof, a rigid support having a
lower end connected to said duct and an upper end, a bearing fixed to the upper end of the support and seated in the socket so that the base of the hood is supported in a position spaced above the upper end of the duct with the depending skirt
surrounding the upper end of the duct, the arrangement being such that, in the absence of wind, the hood is spaced from the duct and, in the presence of wind from any direction, the hood is tilted by the wind so that the skirt is lowered on the windward
side thus increasing the ventilation rate and thus positioning the hood to deflect wind and wind-borne material from the ventilator opening.
<BR><BR>The rigid support may be fixed to the ventilator duct.  Alternatively, the support may be mounted so that it can raise or lower the hood to open or close the ventilator duct. <BR><BR>BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
<BR><BR>FIG. 1 is a sectional view illustrating one embodiment of tilting hood roof ventilator in accordance with the invention with the hood shown in an untilted position;
<BR><BR>FIG. 2 is a view similar to FIG. 1 with the hood shown in a tilted position;
<BR><BR>FIG. 3 is a plan view of the ventilator duct;
<BR><BR>FIG. 4 is a sectional view illustrating a second embodiment showing the hood spaced above the ventilator duct;
<BR><BR>FIG. 5 is a view similar to FIG. 4 with the hood closing the ventilator duct; and
<BR><BR>FIG. 6 is a sectional view illustrating details of a socket and bearing suitable for supporting the hood. <BR><BR>DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS
<BR><BR>FIG. 1 illustrates one form of roof ventilator in accordance with the invention.  The ventilator comprises a duct 1 adapted to be mounted in a substantially vertical or upright position to pass through the roof (not shown) of a structure
enclosing a confined space in need of ventilation.  Duct 1 is preferably provided with an enlarged, preferably tapered, outer upper end 2.  Upper end 2 may be formed by outward flaring or thickening the end of the wall of duct 1.  Alternatively, a collar
may be fixed to duct 1 in any convenient manner, for example by being slipped over the end of duct 1 and held thereon by friction or adhesive.  The open upper end of duct 1 is exposed to the atmosphere The lower end of duct 1 communicates either directly
or indirectly with the confined space.  Thus vitiated air may pass by convection from the confined space through ventilator duct 1 to the atmosphere.
<BR><BR>The roof ventilator comprises a hood which is generally indicated by the reference 3.  The hood 3 is substantially symmetrical being umbrella shaped or the shape of an inverted basin.  At its apex, hood 3 includes a base 4 which has a
substantially spherical socket 5 opening on the underside of base 4.  Hood 3 also includes a skirt 6 depending from base 4 and fixed thereto in any convenient manner.  From base 4, skirt 6 flares outwardly and downwardly to rim 7 which surrounds and, in
the absence of wind, is normally spaced from upper end 2 of duct 1.  The shape of hood 3 is not critical.  It must be sufficiently large to prevent atmospheric deposits from entering duct 1 and be spaced sufficiently from upper end 2 so not to impede
vitiated air passing from the confined space to atmosphere.  Hood 3 may be made of any suitable material such as metal or plastics material, for example by stamping, die-casting or spinning.  However, hood 3 must be sufficiently strong to withstand
expected atmospheric conditions such as rain, snow, wind and wind entrained material.  In the hood thus described, socket 5 is located at or near the centre of gravity of hood 3.
<BR><BR>Hood 3 is mounted at the end of a rigid vertical support 8 which, as shown in FIG. 3, is attached firmly to the inner surface of duct 1 by a series of spokes or, preferably, blades 9 which offer the least resistance to air flow through duct 1. 
Fixed at the top end of vertical support 8 is a substantially spherical bearing 10 that is seated within substantially spherical socket 5 to permit limited relative movement in any direction between bearing 10 and socket 5.  Details of this type of
socket and bearing are illustrated in FIG. 6.  The construction is such that bearing 10 is permanently retained in socket 5 to avoid accidental separation of hood 3 from its vertical support 8.  However, base 4 has a removable collar 12 to allow removal
of bearing 10 from socket 5 in appropriate circumstances.
<BR><BR>In use, with no wind effect, hood 3 remains in its normal resting position with rim 7 located in a substantially horizontal plane surrounding and spaced from the upper end 2 of duct 1 as shown in FIG. 1.  In these circumstances, the ventilator
operates simply as a duct between the confined space and the atmosphere while excluding any vertically falling deposits such as rain, snow or dust from entering the duct 1.  However, wind pressure from any direction on suspended hood 3 causes it to tilt
so that the skirt is lowered on the windward side thereby increasing the ventilation rate and thus positioning the hood to deflect any wind-borne material away from the duct opening.  Wind deflection of hood 3 is limited by contact of hood 3 with upper
end 2 as shown in FIG. 2.  The enlarged upper end 2 assists in diverting wind-borne matter from the duct opening when the hood is at its maximum tilt with hood 3 contacting upper end 2.  Preferably, upper end 2 is treated to avoid noise due to contact
with hood 3 in variable wind conditions.  In the case of a sleeve fitted around the upper end of duct 1, it may be made of rubber or the like.  A change in wind direction causes a corresponding change in the direction of tilt of hood 3.
<BR><BR>In the embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 4 and 5, the tilting hood can be drawn down to partly or fully close ventilation duct 1 to prevent heat loss in winter or exclude unwanted air-borne material in the event of very high velocity winds or other
extreme conditions.  To this end, rigid support 8 is held at the centre of duct 1 by a sleeve 11 that is fixed to the duct wall by a plurality of radial blades 9.  Rigid support 8 is capable of vertical sliding movement in sleeve 11 to close ventilating
duct 1 by bringing hood 3 to seat on upper end 2 as illustrated in FIG. 5.  Rigid support 8 may be raised to open duct 1.  When raised to an open position, the hood is tilted by wind from any direction as described in relation to FIGS., 1 to 3.  Opening
and closing the ventilator may be by any suitable means such as mechanical means or electromechanical means which could be remote controlled.  Those means may include holding the shaft at its closed and one or more open positions.
<BR><BR>Other modifications would be obvious to those skilled in the art.  For example, other types of bearing and socket may be used to allow the hood to move as described above.
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